Technology has the potential to increase employment rates among the youth, especially in informal work.
In 2019, a report on Gig Economy estimated the size of the gig economy (access to work online) in Kenya at USD 109 million, employing over 36,000 workers.
The report further states that based on the current investment the gig economy is witnessing, the sector is projected to grow by 32 per cent in the next five years, to a value of USD 345 million and will employ over 93,000 workers.
INFORMAL SECTOR
The informal sector in Kenya has consistently represented over 80 per cent of the workforce. The use of technology provides an opportunity to offer jobs and employment to the informal sector.
The Covid-19 pandemic has just outlined how vulnerable job and social security is for gig workers.
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), an independent think tank that works to empower poor people to capture opportunities and build resilience, reports that most workers offering artisanal and personal services, are seeing up to 90 per cent reduction of business.
Most of them have had to dig into their savings, if any, to take care of their living expenses.
Those without savings are finding it hard to cope with the lockdowns. Gig work also does not fall within the customary contractual structures and grievance mechanisms provided by traditional formal employment.
Insurance has traditionally targeted the formal sector. A few insurance companies offer adequate and accessible products to gig workers.
The nature of work makes offering insurance products to the gig workers difficult. Gig work varies significantly based on the technical platform, type of work, and risk exposure.
Online gig workers are, in particular, more complicated to insure due to the on-demand and unpredictable nature of their work.
Several gig platforms such as Lynk based in Kenya provide professional services through matching customers to a pool of blue-collar workers.
Lynk has a focus on generating employment opportunities for youth and is on track to achieve this with over 60 per cent of its workers in the youth category.
A large portion of their workforce, however, have inadequate access to insurance.
Through support from the Mastercard Foundation, MSC supported the development and delivery of micro-insurance products to serve gig workers.
Gig workers face a lot of challenges. Poor and irregular pay, unstructured contracts or lack thereof, and unpredictable cash flows are some of the leading reasons that make gig workers unfit for traditional insurance companies.
How can we create microinsurance product concepts for gig workers and platforms?
Behavioral research and human-centered design can be applied to develop product concepts that are adequate, accessible, and meet the needs of the gig workers.
Our research shows that most gig workers have no access to formal insurance, although they recognise and experience several risks.
Our assessment shows that most traditional products provided by insurance companies are not adequate to serve the unique needs of the gig workers’ segment.
The core use cases of insurance for young gig worker included the following:
1. Personal injuries and accidents (exposure to risky conditions such as handling dangerous equipment, physical hazards, and failure to observe safety standards
2. Loss in revenue due to sickness, occupation-related health problems and temporary or permanent disability
3. Personal indemnity for work completed (Negligence of the worker and lack of experience at delivering similar tasks
4. Income smoothening for regular expenses such as school fees (Pandemics such as Covid-19 that affect steady work streams
•Economic downturns that impact the availability of work
Developing micro-insurance product concepts for gig workers
Based on our research, key insights to develop micro-insurance product concepts for gig workers include:
•The flexibility of the worker’s gigs: Gig workers would like to afford a cover before they commence their gigs. Thus, the product should have an on-demand cover that the gig workers may pay for when carrying out gigs.
•Incorporate the use of technology: Considering the tech-savvy nature of the youth gig workers and need for an efficient experience, providers must digitise and embed technology at each stage of service. Thus, the core processes such as enrollment, premium payment, and claim settlement should be digitised.
•Affordable and dynamic pricing: Differential pricing and payment models could make it easier for the gig worker to afford the premiums.
To reduce the cost of access to insurance, a liability sharing model where both the gig platform and the gig workers contribute towards the premium payment.
The flexibility of gigs demands a dynamic pricing model where the workers may split and pay premium across the predicted number of gigs.
Developing a micro-insurance model that works for gig workers
Based on our research, an insurance provider is piloting an umbrella personal accident product for the gig economy, to include the following attributes:
•On-demand access: Together with the platform, the provider has assessed the overall platform’s insurance needs to develop and deliver an umbrella Personal Accident (PA) cover for all the gig workers associated with the platform.
The cover is applicable during the working period and protects gig workers against all the risks associated with the gigs.
The provider is offering work injury benefits to all the gig workers in line with existing labor regulations.
•Pooled and agnostic: The pooled insurance product covers a specific and predetermined number of workers at any given point of time.
The number depends on the history of active daily workers on the platform but does not prescribe the specific individuals.
This approach acknowledges that from the pool of the gig workers, not all of them will work on the same day or at the same time, and it is certain that not all workers are at risk every day.
If only 400 out of 1,000 workers are active every day, the platform pre-pays insurance for only the daily active workers.
Consequently, the premium paid per worker is significantly reduced.
Through behavioral and human-centered research, a provider may understand the dynamic nature of work, risks that affect them, and practical use cases, and may design effective micro-insurance product concepts for gig platforms and workers.
The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to life the reality that informal workers unjustifiably get the short end of the stick concerning financial services and specifically insurance.
Regardless of informal workers’ equitable and unappreciated contribution to the economy and society, our embrace of technology in the gig economy can indeed extend the benefits enjoyed by formal economy workers to the informal workers.
Peter Karah is an Assistant Manager, Digital Financial Services at MSC
